From Barter System to E-Contract: Development on Trade in Malaysia

Optimizing ad hoc trade in a commercial barter trade exchange

In this paper, we describe the operation of barter trade exchanges by identifying key techniques used by trade brokers to stimulate trade and satisfy member needs, and present algorithms to automate some of these techniques. In particular, we develop algorithms that emulate the practice of trade brokers by matching buyers and sellers in such a way that trade volume is maximized while the balanc...

Development of International Trade in Health Services in the Legal System of World Trade Organization

The World Trade Organization, as one of the youngest international organizations following its 50th activity of predecessor means the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade in the Multilateral Trade System, through the establishment of a General Agreement on Trade in Services, regulated the domain of International Trade in services and by designating Integrated legal framework for the advanceme...

Demand for contract enforcement in a barter environment

Do greater potential gains from trade enhance or erode contracting institutions? In an anonymous exchange environment traders can sign a contract, hence agreeing to interact with the assigned partner, or wait till the next match. Any contract can be endorsed (for a pay) by the enforcement agency, which then observes the interaction with a positive probability known to the traders and punishes t...

The Development of e-Commerce in Malaysia

Contract-Intensive International Trade*

Relation-specific transactions are growing in international trade. It remains unclear how such transactions respond to external shocks differently from ordinary non-relation-specific international transactions, since their contract details are rarely available to researchers. We combine three widely known data sources to tackle this question. We find that shocks are primarily absorbed by the pr...